Trophoblast protein-1 |
trophoblast stem cells |
ENF peptide family |
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[trophoblast, trophoblastic]
Blastocysts developing from the morula stage of the embryo consist of two layers of cells. The inner layer (embryoblast, inner cell mass) consists of undifferentiated pluripotent embryonic stem cells and develops into the embryo. The outer cell layer (trophoectoderm) consists of a simple layer of specialized epithelial cells termed trophoblasts. These cells form the embryonic part of the placenta (Fox, 1978; Benirschke and Kaufmann, 1995) and undergo differentiation into specialized subtypes of trophoblasts in subsequent phases of embryo development and early pregnancy (Cross, 2000; Knöfler et al, 2001). The malignant counterparts of these
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