bystander apoptosis
This term refers to cell death by apoptosis elicited in neighbours of cells undergoing apoptosis (see also: fratricide). Frequently, this is seen in pathogen-infected cells that are dying and induce apoptosis also in non-infected neighbouring cells. In pathogen-infected cells such as virus-infected cells, this may be due to the paracrine action of viral proteins (see, for example: Joshi et al, 2014; Eugenin and Berman, 2013; Garg et al, 2012).
The process has been observed also in neighbours of phagocytes that die of Phagocytosis-induced cell death (Dreshers et al, 2013). It is observed also in neighbours of irradiated
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