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upstream caspases |
TLR22e |
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This term has two meanings. In molecular biology it refers to sites or directions when moving along a nucleic acid sequence; upstream of where you are then means further into the direction of the 5' end of the nucleic acid molecule (promoter sequences, for example, lie upstream of coding sequences). The reverse is downstream, meaning into the direction of the 3' end of a molecule.
In research on cytokines the term upstream is used often within the context of a linear sequence of signal transduction pathway steps. Events begin by binding of a ligand to a cell surface receptor which then elicits a cascade of second messenger pathways and culminates in the modulation of gene expression by transcription factors. In this hierarchy of events the term upstream refers to events that from a given point are further up the hierarchy.
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