Pro-apoptomiRs |
proapoptotic caspase adaptor protein |
TRF-3 |
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Hochman (1997) has suggested the term proapoptosis for various kinds of stress adaptations in prokaryotes, which possibly is the phylogenetic precursor of eukaryotic programmed cell death. Apoptosis and proapoptosis share various mechanistic programmed features, including DNA fragmentation and packaging, cell shrinkage, degradation of RNA, proteolysis and synthesis of new proteins, and the involvement of reactive oxygen species.
Examples given as adaptation of prokaryotes to stressful environments include swarmer cell formation and differentiation in Caulobacter cereus, sporulation in Bacillus and Streptomyces, heterocyst formation in Anabaena, development of bacteroids in Rhizobium, the formation of multicellular fruiting bodies and sporulation in Myxobacteria, the formation of nonculturable, but viable, cells
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