streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin B |
Streptococcus pneumoniae esterase A |
M1 antigen |
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EstA of Streptococcus pneumoniae encodes esterase A. EstA protein is a modulin and virulence factor responsible, at least in part, for the induction of an inflammatory response. Stimulation of macrophages with purified EstA protein has been shown to induce the expression of inducible nitrogen oxide synthase (iNOS) and nitrogen oxide (NO) production. EstA also induces expression of TNF-alpha, IL1-beta and IL6 mRNA, which is reduced significantly by pre-treatment of cells with specific NF-kappa-B, p38 and ERK1/2 MAPK pathway inhibitors. Degradation of the inhibitory I-kappa-B-alpha
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