IGF-2 receptor |
IGF-3 |
D11LGP2 |
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[GPE; Gly-Pro-Glu] This bioactive peptide comprising the first three aminoterminal amino acids of IGF-1 is obtained in vivo by cleavage with plasma and brain peptidases (Sara et al, 1989). The tripeptide can cross the blood-brain barrier (Baker et al, 2005). It has strong neurotrophic activity and behavior-modifying activity (Guan and Gluckman 2009). IGF1(1-3) increases the activity of the Ras-PI3K - AKT1 (protein kinase B) - mTOR in glial cells and decreases the activity of the Ras-MAPK pathway in neurons (Corvin et al, 2012). IGF1(1-3) also decreases astrogliosis and neuroinflammation (Svedin et al, 2007), and rescues function in a mouse model of Rett syndrome with aberrant function of microglial cells
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