Apale spermatogonia |
a-parasol cells |
Livin-beta |
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This peptide (CNCKAPETALCARRCQQHamide) from bee venom toxin shows homology to endothelins (see: ET). The sequence has been determined by Haux et al (1967).
Lee et al (2014) have reported that Apamin inhibits hepatic fibrosis through suppression of hepatocyte epithelial-mesenchymal transformation induced by TGF-beta-1. Treatment with TGF-beta-1 causes the loss of E-cadherin at the cell-cell junctions, concomitant increased expression of vimentin, increased phosphorylation levels of ERK1/2, Akt, SMAD2 / SMAD3 and SMAD4. These effects are inhibited by Apamin. Apamin also prevents pathological changes in the CCl4-injected animal models.
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